It has been estimated that persistent pain of various origins may develop in more than 50% of persons with TBI.

An early study by Lahz and Bryant reported that persistent pain was experienced by 58% of those sustaining mild TBI and 52% of those sustaining moderate or severe TBI.

Although the most common pain problems after TBI were persistent headaches, 15–28% experienced neck, shoulder, back, upper and lower limb pains.

A multidisciplinary approach including pain management, acupuncture, interventional pain management, psychotherapy and behavioral therapy is recommended in most of the cases.